Increases in pollen/mold spores from climate change lead to allergies and asthma the effects of climate change on human health is well documented 9, especially in case of allergies 10. Changes in vegetation, increased pollen/mold spore concentrations, and prolonged pollen seasons are linked to climate change. Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds and spores from mold are sources of allergens. Temperature, rainfall, and other variables of climate change have been shown to indirectly effect allergies and asthma by their effects on pollen and molds 7, 8. Currently, approximately a quarter of individuals in developed countries 6 are affected by allergic disease and these numbers are expected to increase with climate change. This trend is especially concerning due to the high prevalence of atopic disorders. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists health effects of climate change including increased risk of atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma 5. Climate change has led to increases in extreme weather events, such as increased flooding, wildfires, and thunderstorms 4. The last 5 years, 2015–2019, have been the hottest years ever recorded. Global average temperature increased by about 1.0 ☌ from 1901 to 2016 3 and continues to increase. The global average atmospheric CO 2 in 2018 was 407.4 parts ppm, which are higher than at any point in at least the past 800,000 years 2. Increased human activity has led to increases in a number of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and ozone (O 3). This study’s findings suggest that spore and pollen activities are related to changes in observed climate change variables.Ĭlimate change, brought about by increased human activity in the last few decades, has a number of effects on planetary and human health 1. We did not find clear associations between pollen concentrations and CO 2 levels or wildfire smoke exposure. We found that peak concentrations of weed and tree pollens were positively associated with temperature ( p < 0.05 at lag 0–1, 0–4, and 0–12 weeks) and precipitation ( p < 0.05 at lag 0–4, 0–12, and 0–24 weeks) changes, respectively. Associations between mold, pollen and meteorological data (e.g., precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO 2, and area covered by wildfire smoke) were analyzed using the autoregressive integrated moving average model. For tree pollens, the average increase in this duration was 0.47 weeks and 0.51 weeks for mold spores. When using time-series regression models between 20, the annual average number of weeks with pollen concentrations higher than zero increased over time. As pollen and molds exhibit geographical variations, we sought to understand the impact of climate change (temperature, carbon dioxide (CO 2), precipitation, smoke exposure) on common pollen and molds in the San Francisco Bay Area, one of the largest urban areas in the United States. Pollen and molds are environmental allergens that are affected by climate change.
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